ScienceDaily: Top Science News

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• Artificial leaf jumps developmental hurdle
• Wings, tails, fins: Study looks at how animals propel themselves
• Bats inspire 'micro air vehicle' designs: Small flying vehicles, complete with flapping wings, may now be designed
• New light shed on habitat of early apes
• World's most powerful terahertz laser chip
• Asian elephants reassure others in distress: First empirical evidence of consolation in elephants
• Single chip device to provide real-time 3-D images from inside the heart, blood vessels
• Solar-induced hybrid fuel cell produces electricity directly from biomass
• Theory on origin of animals challenged: Some animals need extremely little oxygen
• How evolution shapes the geometries of life
• Why does the brain remember dreams?
• Discovery may help to explain mystery of 'missing' genetic risk, susceptibility to common diseases
• Interactive map of human genetic history revealed

Artificial leaf jumps developmental hurdle Posted: 18 Feb 2014 09:44 AM PST Scientists report advances toward perfecting a functional artificial leaf. Designing an artificial leaf that uses solar energy to convert water cheaply and efficiently into hydrogen and oxygen is an important goal. Hydrogen is an important fuel in itself and serves as an indispensible reagent for the production of light hydrocarbon fuels from heavy petroleum feed stocks. Society requires a renewable source of fuel that is widely distributed, abundant, inexpensive and environmentally clean. Society needs cheap hydrogen.

Wings, tails, fins: Study looks at how animals propel themselves Posted: 18 Feb 2014 09:44 AM PST The wonder of animal movement – from the tiniest of insects to the largest fish in the sea – has been a subject of mystery for ages. But when it comes to animal propulsion, there are almost infinite kinds, but also limits that can't be pushed or breakdowns will occur, according to an unusual study.

Bats inspire 'micro air vehicle' designs: Small flying vehicles, complete with flapping wings, may now be designed Posted: 18 Feb 2014 08:42 AM PST By exploring how creatures in nature are able to fly by flapping their wings, researchers hope to apply that knowledge toward designing small flying vehicles known as "micro air vehicles" with flapping wings.

New light shed on habitat of early apes Posted: 18 Feb 2014 08:40 AM PST An international team of anthropologists has discovered definitive evidence of the environment inhabited by the early ape Proconsul on Rusinga Island, Kenya. The findings provide new insights into understanding and interpreting the connection between habitat preferences and the early diversification of the ape-human lineage.

World's most powerful terahertz laser chip Posted: 18 Feb 2014 08:07 AM PST Researchers have built the world's most powerful terahertz laser chip. The new laser chip has exceeded a 1 Watt output power from a quantum cascade terahertz laser. The new record more than doubles landmarks set last year. Terahertz waves, which lie in the part of the electromagnetic spectrum between infrared and microwaves, can penetrate materials that block visible light and have a wide range of possible uses including chemical analysis, security scanning, medical imaging, and telecommunications. Widely publicised potential applications include monitoring pharmaceutical products, the remote sensing of chemical signatures of explosives in unopened envelopes, and the non-invasive detection of cancers in the human body.

Asian elephants reassure others in distress: First empirical evidence of consolation in elephants Posted: 18 Feb 2014 07:10 AM PST Asian elephants console others who are in distress, using physical touches and vocalizations, new research shows. The findings are the first empirical evidence of consolation in elephants. Consolation behavior is rare in the animal kingdom, with empirical evidence previously provided only for the great apes, canines and certain corvids.

Single chip device to provide real-time 3-D images from inside the heart, blood vessels Posted: 18 Feb 2014 07:00 AM PST Researchers have developed the technology for a catheter-based device that would provide forward-looking, real-time, three-dimensional imaging from inside the heart, coronary arteries and peripheral blood vessels.

Solar-induced hybrid fuel cell produces electricity directly from biomass Posted: 18 Feb 2014 07:00 AM PST Researchers have developed a new type of low-temperature fuel cell that directly converts biomass to electricity with assistance from a catalyst activated by solar or thermal energy.

Theory on origin of animals challenged: Some animals need extremely little oxygen Posted: 17 Feb 2014 01:11 PM PST One of science's strongest dogmas is that complex life on Earth could only evolve when oxygen levels in the atmosphere rose to close to modern levels. But now studies of a small sea sponge fished out of a Danish fjord shows that complex life does not need high levels of oxygen in order to live and grow.

How evolution shapes the geometries of life Posted: 17 Feb 2014 01:11 PM PST An interdisciplinary team re-examined Kleiber's Law, a famous 80-year-old equation that accurately describes many biological phenomena, although scientists don't agree on why it works. The team shows that Kleiber's Law captures the physics and mathematics underlying the evolution of plants' and animals' different, but equally efficient forms.

Why does the brain remember dreams? Posted: 17 Feb 2014 05:59 AM PST Some people recall a dream every morning, whereas others rarely recall one. In a new study, research shows that the temporo-parietal junction, an information-processing hub in the brain, is more active in high dream recallers. Increased activity in this brain region might facilitate attention orienting toward external stimuli and promote intrasleep wakefulness, thereby facilitating the encoding of dreams in memory.

Discovery may help to explain mystery of 'missing' genetic risk, susceptibility to common diseases Posted: 13 Feb 2014 03:49 PM PST A new study could help to answer an important riddle in our understanding of genetics: why research to look for the genetic causes of common diseases has failed to explain more than a fraction of the heritable risk of developing them.

Interactive map of human genetic history revealed Posted: 13 Feb 2014 11:22 AM PST A global map detailing the genetic histories of 95 different populations across the world, showing likely genetic impacts of European colonialism, the Arab slave trade, the Mongol Empire and European traders near the Silk Road mixing with people in China, has been revealed for the first time.

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ScienceDaily: Top Health News

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• Sochi games influenced by Lake Placid winter Olympics of 1932
• Frequent school moves can increase the risk of psychotic symptoms in early adolescence
• Beauty and bacteria: Slim, attractive men have less nasal bacteria than heavy men
• Extreme weather images in the media cause fear and disengagement with climate change
• Single chip device to provide real-time 3-D images from inside the heart, blood vessels
• It’s alive! Bacteria-filled liquid crystals could improve biosensing
• Hormone released after exercise can 'predict' biological age
• Small non-coding RNAs could be warning signs of cancer
• Bacterial superbug protein structure solved
• Uncovering the secrets of tularemia, 'rabbit fever'
• Vitamin D provides relief for those with chronic hives, study shows
• Potential options for attacking stem cells in triple-negative breast cancer

Sochi games influenced by Lake Placid winter Olympics of 1932 Posted: 18 Feb 2014 08:42 AM PST Eight crashes that sent more than a dozen competitors to the hospital marred bobsled practice runs leading up to the 1932 winter Olympic games in Lake Placid, N.Y., but as dramatic as those incidents were, they also provide insight into more ordinary factors that continue to influence the Olympics, according to new research.

Frequent school moves can increase the risk of psychotic symptoms in early adolescence Posted: 18 Feb 2014 08:05 AM PST Researchers have shown that frequently changing schools during childhood can increase the risk of psychotic symptoms in later years. Scientists found that school mobility during childhood heightens the risk of developing psychotic-like symptoms in early adolescence by up to 60%. Suffering from psychotic-like symptoms at young age is strongly associated with mental health problems in adulthood, including psychotic disorders and suicide.

Beauty and bacteria: Slim, attractive men have less nasal bacteria than heavy men Posted: 18 Feb 2014 07:07 AM PST Do attractive traits tell us anything about a person's reproductive health? New research reveals a link between Body Mass Index (BMI) and the amount of bacteria colonizing noses. The results show that heavier men harbor more potentially pathogenic species of bacteria in their nose, compared with slimmer, more traditionally attractive men.

Extreme weather images in the media cause fear and disengagement with climate change Posted: 18 Feb 2014 07:06 AM PST Extreme weather images represent human suffering and loss. They are iconic of climate change and are symbols of its natural impacts. Reporting on extreme weather has increased over the last few years. In the past social scientists, and media and communication analysts have studied how climate change is depicted in the text of media and social media. While researchers have become increasingly interested in climate change images, they have not yet studied them with respect to symbolizing certain emotions.

Single chip device to provide real-time 3-D images from inside the heart, blood vessels Posted: 18 Feb 2014 07:00 AM PST Researchers have developed the technology for a catheter-based device that would provide forward-looking, real-time, three-dimensional imaging from inside the heart, coronary arteries and peripheral blood vessels.

It’s alive! Bacteria-filled liquid crystals could improve biosensing Posted: 17 Feb 2014 05:07 PM PST Plop living, swimming bacteria into a novel water-based, nontoxic liquid crystal and a new physics takes over. The dynamic interaction of the bacteria with the liquid crystal creates a novel form of soft matter: living liquid crystal. This new type of active material holds promise for improving the early detection of diseases.

Hormone released after exercise can 'predict' biological age Posted: 17 Feb 2014 05:56 AM PST Scientists have discovered a potential molecular link between Irisin, a recently identified hormone released from muscle after bouts of exercise, and the aging process. Irisin, which is naturally present in humans, is capable of reprograming the body's fat cells to burn energy instead of storing it. This increases the metabolic rate and is thought to have potential anti-obesity effects. The finding provides a potential molecular link between keeping active and healthy aging with those having higher Irisin levels more 'biological young' than those with lower levels of the hormone.

Small non-coding RNAs could be warning signs of cancer Posted: 17 Feb 2014 05:52 AM PST Small non-coding RNAs can be used to predict if individuals have breast cancer conclude researchers who contribute to The Cancer Genome Atlas project. The results indicate that differences in the levels of specific types of non-coding RNAs can be used to distinguish between cancerous and non-cancerous tissues. These RNAs can also be used to classify cancer patients into subgroups of individuals that have different survival outcomes.

Bacterial superbug protein structure solved Posted: 17 Feb 2014 05:48 AM PST Scientists have deciphered the 3-D structure of a protein that confers antibiotic resistance from one of the most worrisome disease agents: a strain of bacteria called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which can cause skin and other infections. The team's findings may be an important step in combating the MRSA public health threat over the next 5 to 10 years.

Uncovering the secrets of tularemia, 'rabbit fever' Posted: 17 Feb 2014 05:48 AM PST Tularemia, aka "rabbit fever," is endemic in the northeastern United States, and is considered to be a significant risk to biosecurity -- much like anthrax or smallpox -- because it has already been weaponized in various regions of the world. Biologists are working to uncover the secrets of the bacterium Francisella tularensis, which causes tularemia.

Vitamin D provides relief for those with chronic hives, study shows Posted: 17 Feb 2014 05:48 AM PST Vitamin D as an add-on therapy could provide some relief for chronic hives, a condition with no cure and few treatment options, new research indicates. An allergic skin condition, chronic hives create red, itchy welts on the skin and sometimes swelling. They can occur daily and last longer than six weeks, even years. The two-year study looked at the role of over-the-counter vitamin D3 as a supplemental treatment for chronic hives. Over 12 weeks, 38 study participants daily took a triple-drug combination of allergy medications (one prescription and two over-the-counter drugs) and vitamin D3. Researchers found after just one week, the severity of patients' symptoms decreased by 33 percent. For patients that took a stronger dose of vitamin D3, a further 40 percent decrease in severity of their hives was noted.

Potential options for attacking stem cells in triple-negative breast cancer Posted: 17 Feb 2014 05:48 AM PST A protein that fuels an inflammatory pathway does not turn off in breast cancer, new research shows, resulting in an increase in cancer stem cells. This provides a potential target for treating triple negative breast cancer, the most aggressive form of the disease. The researchers identified a protein that is highly expressed in normal cells but undetectable in triple-negative breast cancer. They showed that this protein is degraded in cancers, blocking the cellular off-switch of a feedback loop involving an inflammatory protein. When the switch does not get turned off, it enables cancer stem cells to grow.

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ScienceDaily: Living Well News

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Frequent school moves can increase the risk of psychotic symptoms in early adolescence Posted: 18 Feb 2014 08:05 AM PST Researchers have shown that frequently changing schools during childhood can increase the risk of psychotic symptoms in later years. Scientists found that school mobility during childhood heightens the risk of developing psychotic-like symptoms in early adolescence by up to 60%. Suffering from psychotic-like symptoms at young age is strongly associated with mental health problems in adulthood, including psychotic disorders and suicide.

Vitamin D provides relief for those with chronic hives, study shows Posted: 17 Feb 2014 05:48 AM PST Vitamin D as an add-on therapy could provide some relief for chronic hives, a condition with no cure and few treatment options, new research indicates. An allergic skin condition, chronic hives create red, itchy welts on the skin and sometimes swelling. They can occur daily and last longer than six weeks, even years. The two-year study looked at the role of over-the-counter vitamin D3 as a supplemental treatment for chronic hives. Over 12 weeks, 38 study participants daily took a triple-drug combination of allergy medications (one prescription and two over-the-counter drugs) and vitamin D3. Researchers found after just one week, the severity of patients' symptoms decreased by 33 percent. For patients that took a stronger dose of vitamin D3, a further 40 percent decrease in severity of their hives was noted.

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ScienceDaily: Top Technology News

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• Breakthrough development of flexible 1D-1R memory cell array
• Artificial leaf jumps developmental hurdle
• Caps not the culprit in nanotube chirality: New study narrows possibilities for gaining control of nanotube type
• Ion beams pave way to new kinds of valves for use in spintronics
• Bats inspire 'micro air vehicle' designs: Small flying vehicles, complete with flapping wings, may now be designed
• World's most powerful terahertz laser chip
• Stretchable, bendable electronics: A stretchable highway for light
• Blu-ray player detects microorganisms and toxins on discs
• Crowdsourced testers prefer new cyber search method: Faster searches on computers and hand-held devices
• Computer arranges pictures based on artistic features
• Single chip device to provide real-time 3-D images from inside the heart, blood vessels
• Solar-induced hybrid fuel cell produces electricity directly from biomass
• Global warming: Warning against abrupt stop to geoengineering method (if started)
• It’s alive! Bacteria-filled liquid crystals could improve biosensing
• How evolution shapes the geometries of life
• Better batters from brain-training research: Baseball player study significantly improves vision, reduces strikeouts
• Ultra-small and ultra–fast electro-optic modulator
• Einstein's conversion from a belief in a static to an expanding universe
• Urgent need to recycle rare metals
• Space station SPHERES run circles around ordinary satellites
• K-Glass: Extremely low-powered, high-performance head-mounted display embedding an augmented reality chip
• Massachusetts' fire-safe cigarette law appears to decrease likelihood of residential fires
• Amidst bitter cold, rising energy costs, new concerns about energy insecurity
• Understanding everything from family structure to trauma: New technology is yielding bigger data
• Interactive map of human genetic history revealed

Breakthrough development of flexible 1D-1R memory cell array Posted: 18 Feb 2014 09:45 AM PST With the introduction of curved smartphones, flexible electronic goods are gradually moving to the center stages of various markets. Flexible display technology is the culmination of the latest, cutting-edge electric cell device technology. Developing such products, however, requires not only a curved display, but also operational precision of other parts, including the memory, in a flexible state. Scientists have now developed a bendable organic carbon nano compound-based 64bit memory. It shows improved data performance by limiting the direction of electric currents.

Artificial leaf jumps developmental hurdle Posted: 18 Feb 2014 09:44 AM PST Scientists report advances toward perfecting a functional artificial leaf. Designing an artificial leaf that uses solar energy to convert water cheaply and efficiently into hydrogen and oxygen is an important goal. Hydrogen is an important fuel in itself and serves as an indispensible reagent for the production of light hydrocarbon fuels from heavy petroleum feed stocks. Society requires a renewable source of fuel that is widely distributed, abundant, inexpensive and environmentally clean. Society needs cheap hydrogen.

Caps not the culprit in nanotube chirality: New study narrows possibilities for gaining control of nanotube type Posted: 18 Feb 2014 08:43 AM PST The energy involved in carbon cap formation does not dictate the chirality of a single-walled nanotube, according to theoretical research. The work contributes to the continuing search for a way to grow nanotubes of the same selected chirality.

Ion beams pave way to new kinds of valves for use in spintronics Posted: 18 Feb 2014 08:42 AM PST Researchers have tested a new approach to fabricating spin valves. Using ion beams, they structured an iron aluminum alloy in such a way as to subdivide the material into individually magnetizable regions at the nanometer scale. The alloy functions as a spin valve, which is of interest for use in spintronics. Not only does this technology use electron charge for purposes of information storage and processing, it also draws on its inherent magnetic properties (that is, its spin).

Bats inspire 'micro air vehicle' designs: Small flying vehicles, complete with flapping wings, may now be designed Posted: 18 Feb 2014 08:42 AM PST By exploring how creatures in nature are able to fly by flapping their wings, researchers hope to apply that knowledge toward designing small flying vehicles known as "micro air vehicles" with flapping wings.

World's most powerful terahertz laser chip Posted: 18 Feb 2014 08:07 AM PST Researchers have built the world's most powerful terahertz laser chip. The new laser chip has exceeded a 1 Watt output power from a quantum cascade terahertz laser. The new record more than doubles landmarks set last year. Terahertz waves, which lie in the part of the electromagnetic spectrum between infrared and microwaves, can penetrate materials that block visible light and have a wide range of possible uses including chemical analysis, security scanning, medical imaging, and telecommunications. Widely publicised potential applications include monitoring pharmaceutical products, the remote sensing of chemical signatures of explosives in unopened envelopes, and the non-invasive detection of cancers in the human body.

Stretchable, bendable electronics: A stretchable highway for light Posted: 18 Feb 2014 08:07 AM PST Electronics that bend and stretch have been demonstrated, but similar work in optics has lagged behind. Particularly difficult to engineer have been optics that stretch, lengthening when someone wearing body sensors bends to tie their shoe, or when a robotic arm twists through a full range of motion. Now scientists report the first optical circuit that uses interconnections that are not only bendable, but also stretchable.

Blu-ray player detects microorganisms and toxins on discs Posted: 18 Feb 2014 08:05 AM PST In addition to storing films, optical discs can be used to detect microorganisms, toxins, allergens and tumoral biomarkers. Blu-ray technology has allowed researchers to develop a way to find out if a sample contains Salmonella or toxic substances. This simple and cheap analytical system may be applied to clinical diagnosis and environmental monitoring.

Crowdsourced testers prefer new cyber search method: Faster searches on computers and hand-held devices Posted: 18 Feb 2014 07:10 AM PST Computer scientists have developed a new tool to search and fetch electronic files that saves users time by more quickly identifying and retrieving the most relevant information on their computers and hand-held devices.

Computer arranges pictures based on artistic features Posted: 18 Feb 2014 07:07 AM PST Until now, if a nature photographer wanted to arrange pictures of various butterflies systematically based on color or size to create an illustrated book, a lot of time was needed: The artist would have to arrange the individual pictures of the animals on the computer by hand to bring them into the requested order. Suitable software that would have been able to arrange pictures automatically based on certain characteristics did not exist. Researchers have now developed a method that makes it possible to arrange numerous pictures very fast.

Single chip device to provide real-time 3-D images from inside the heart, blood vessels Posted: 18 Feb 2014 07:00 AM PST Researchers have developed the technology for a catheter-based device that would provide forward-looking, real-time, three-dimensional imaging from inside the heart, coronary arteries and peripheral blood vessels.

Solar-induced hybrid fuel cell produces electricity directly from biomass Posted: 18 Feb 2014 07:00 AM PST Researchers have developed a new type of low-temperature fuel cell that directly converts biomass to electricity with assistance from a catalyst activated by solar or thermal energy.

Global warming: Warning against abrupt stop to geoengineering method (if started) Posted: 17 Feb 2014 05:08 PM PST As a range of climate change mitigation scenarios are discussed, researchers have found that the injection of sulfate particles into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight and curb the effects of global warming could pose a severe threat if not maintained indefinitely and supported by strict reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.

It’s alive! Bacteria-filled liquid crystals could improve biosensing Posted: 17 Feb 2014 05:07 PM PST Plop living, swimming bacteria into a novel water-based, nontoxic liquid crystal and a new physics takes over. The dynamic interaction of the bacteria with the liquid crystal creates a novel form of soft matter: living liquid crystal. This new type of active material holds promise for improving the early detection of diseases.

How evolution shapes the geometries of life Posted: 17 Feb 2014 01:11 PM PST An interdisciplinary team re-examined Kleiber's Law, a famous 80-year-old equation that accurately describes many biological phenomena, although scientists don't agree on why it works. The team shows that Kleiber's Law captures the physics and mathematics underlying the evolution of plants' and animals' different, but equally efficient forms.

Better batters from brain-training research: Baseball player study significantly improves vision, reduces strikeouts Posted: 17 Feb 2014 09:16 AM PST UC Riverside baseball players who participated in novel brain-training research saw significant improvement in vision, resulting in fewer strikeouts and more hits. The experiment demonstrated that improvements from a multiple perceptual-learning approach transfer to real-world tasks.

Ultra-small and ultra–fast electro-optic modulator Posted: 17 Feb 2014 07:25 AM PST Thanks to optical signals, mails and data can be transmitted rapidly around the globe. But also exchange of digital information between electronic chips may be accelerated and energy efficiency might be increased by using optical signals. However, this would require simple methods to switch from electrical to optical signals. Researchers have now developed a device of 29 microns in length, which converts signals at a rate of about 40 gigabits per second. It is the most compact high-speed phase modulator in the world.

Einstein's conversion from a belief in a static to an expanding universe Posted: 17 Feb 2014 07:25 AM PST Albert Einstein accepted the modern cosmological view that the universe is expanding long after many of his contemporaries. Until 1931, physicist Albert Einstein believed that the universe was static. An urban legend attributes this change of perspective to when American astronomer Edwin Hubble showed Einstein his observations of redshift in the light emitted by far away nebulae -- today known as galaxies. But the reality is more complex. The change in Einstein's viewpoint, in fact, resulted from a tortuous thought process. Now researchers explain how Einstein changed his mind following many encounters with some of the most influential astrophysicists of his generation.

Urgent need to recycle rare metals Posted: 17 Feb 2014 07:25 AM PST Rare earth metals are important components in green energy products such as wind turbines and eco-cars. But the scarcity of these metals is worrying the European Union.

Space station SPHERES run circles around ordinary satellites Posted: 17 Feb 2014 07:15 AM PST Inspired by a floating droid battling Luke Skywalker in the film Star Wars, the free-flying satellites known as Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) have been flying aboard the International Space Station since Expedition 8 in 2003. Although there have been numerous SPHERES investigations held on the orbiting laboratory, four current and upcoming SPHERES projects are of particular significance to robotics engineers, rocket launch companies, NASA exploration and anyone who uses communications systems on Earth.

K-Glass: Extremely low-powered, high-performance head-mounted display embedding an augmented reality chip Posted: 17 Feb 2014 05:44 AM PST Researchers in South Korea have developed K-Glass, a wearable, hands-free HMD that enables users to find restaurants while checking out their menus.

Massachusetts' fire-safe cigarette law appears to decrease likelihood of residential fires Posted: 13 Feb 2014 03:49 PM PST A six-year-old Massachusetts law requiring that only "fire-safe" cigarettes be sold in the state appears to decrease the likelihood of unintentional residential fires caused by cigarettes by 28 percent, according to a new study.

Amidst bitter cold, rising energy costs, new concerns about energy insecurity Posted: 13 Feb 2014 12:35 PM PST With many regions of the country braced by an unrelenting cold snap, the problem of energy insecurity continues to go unreported despite its toll on the most vulnerable. In a new brief, researchers paint a picture of the families most impacted by this problem and suggest recommendations to alleviate its chokehold on millions of struggling Americans.

Understanding everything from family structure to trauma: New technology is yielding bigger data Posted: 13 Feb 2014 11:23 AM PST Social media can do more than just entertain us and keep us connected. It also can help scientists better understand human behavior and social dynamics. The volume of data created through new technology and social media such as Facebook and Twitter is lending insight into everything from mapping modern family dynamics to predicting postpartum depression.

Interactive map of human genetic history revealed Posted: 13 Feb 2014 11:22 AM PST A global map detailing the genetic histories of 95 different populations across the world, showing likely genetic impacts of European colonialism, the Arab slave trade, the Mongol Empire and European traders near the Silk Road mixing with people in China, has been revealed for the first time.

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